Prudential Regulatory News (PRU)

IFRS Disclosure and Additional Unaudited Financial Information

Prudential plc 2016 results

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Basis Results

CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT

* This measure is the formal profit before tax measure under IFRS but it is not the result attributable to shareholders.

This is principally because the corporate taxes of the Group include those on the income of consolidated with-profits and unit-linked funds that, through adjustments to benefits, are borne by policyholders. These amounts are required to be included in the tax charge of the Company under IAS 12. Consequently, the profit before all taxes measure is not representative of pre-tax profits attributable to shareholders. Profit before all taxes is determined after deducting the cost of policyholder benefits and movements in the liability for unallocated surplus of the PAC with-profits fund after adjusting for taxes borne by policyholders.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Basis Results

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Basis Results

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Basis Results

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Basis Results

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION

Included within equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts, debt securities and other investments are £8,545 million (2015: £5,995 million) of lent securities and assets subject to repurchase agreements.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Basis Results

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

Notes

(i) This measure is the formal profit before tax measure under IFRS but it is not the result attributable to shareholders.

(ii) Other non-cash items consist of the adjustment of non-cash items to profit before tax.

(iii) Structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations exclude borrowings to support short-term fixed income securities programmes, non-recourse borrowings of investment subsidiaries of shareholder-financed operations and other borrowings of shareholder-financed operations. Cash flows in respect of these borrowings are included within cash flows from operating activities.

(iv) Interest paid on structural borrowings of with-profits operations relate solely to the £100 million 8.5 per cent undated subordinated guaranteed bonds, which contribute to the solvency base of the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF), a ring-fenced sub-fund of the PAC with-profits fund. Cash flows in respect of other borrowings of with-profits funds, which principally relate to consolidated investment funds, are included within cash flows from operating activities.

(v) Tax paid includes £226 million (2015: £229 million) paid on profits taxable at policyholder rather than shareholder rates.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Basis Results

NOTES

A BACKGROUND

A1 Basis of preparation and exchange rates

These statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and as endorsed by the European Union (EU) as required by EU law (IAS Regulation EC1606/2032). EU-endorsed IFRS Standards may differ from IFRS Standards issued by the IASB if, at any point in time, new or amended IFRS Standards have not been endorsed by the EU. At 31 December 2016, there were no unendorsed standards effective for the two years ended 31 December 2016 affecting the consolidated financial information of the Group. There were no differences between IFRS Standards endorsed by the EU and IFRS Standards issued by the IASB in terms of their application to the Group.

The Group IFRS accounting policies are the same as those applied for the year ended 31 December 2015 with the exception of the adoption of the new and amended accounting standards as described in note A2.

Exchange rates

The exchange rates applied for balances and transactions in currency other than the presentational currency of the Group, pounds sterling (GBP) were:

Certain notes to the financial statements present 2015 comparative information at Constant Exchange Rates (CER), in addition to the reporting at Actual Exchange Rates (AER) used throughout the consolidated financial statements. AER are actual historical exchange rates for the specific accounting period, being the average rates over the period for the income statement and the closing rates for the balance sheet at the balance sheet date. CER results are calculated by translating prior period results using the current period foreign exchange rate ie current period average rates for the income statement and current period closing rates for the balance sheet.

The financial information set out in this announcement does not constitute the Company's statutory accounts for the years ended 31 December 2016 or 2015 but is derived from those accounts. The auditors have reported on the 2016 statutory accounts. Statutory accounts for 2015 have been delivered to the registrar of companies, and those for 2016 will be delivered following the Company's Annual General Meeting. Their report was (i) unqualified, (ii) did not include a reference to any matters to which the auditors drew attention by way of emphasis without qualifying their report and (iii) did not contain a statement under section 498(2) or (3) of the Companies Act 2006.

A2 Adoption of new accounting pronouncements in 2016

The Group has adopted the following new accounting pronouncements which were effective in 2016:

- Annual improvements to IFRSs 2012-2014 cycle;

- Clarification of Acceptable Methods of Depreciation and Amortisation (Amendments to IAS 16 and IAS 38); and

- Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1).

The adoption of these pronouncements has had no impact on these financial statements.

B EARNINGS PERFORMANCE

B1 Analysis of performance by segment

B1.1 Segment results - profit before tax

* To facilitate future comparisons of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns that reflect the Group's retained operations, the results attributable to the held for sale Korea life business are included separately within the supplementary analysis of profit above.

Notes

(i) The Group's UK insurance operations transferred its general insurance business to Churchill in 2002. General insurance commission represents the commission receivable net of expenses for Prudential-branded general insurance products as part of this arrangement, which terminated at the end of 2016.

(ii) Corporate expenditure as shown above is for Group Head Office and Asia Regional Head Office.

(iii) Restructuring costs are incurred in the UK and Asia and represent one-off business development expenses.

(iv) Amortisation of acquisition accounting adjustments principally relate to the acquired REALIC business of Jackson.

(v) On 5 February 2015, the Group completed the sale of its closed book life insurance business in Japan.

(vi) For definitions of AER and CER refer to note A1.

B1.2 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business

* To facilitate comparisons of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns that reflect the Group's retained operations, the short-term fluctuations in investment returns attributable to the held for sale Korea life business are included separately within the supplementary analysis of profit.

Notes

(i) Asia insurance operations

In Asia, the short-term fluctuations of negative £(225) million (2015: negative £(137) million) principally reflect the impact of changes in interest rates across the region on bonds and, equity market falls in China.

(ii) US insurance operations

The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for US insurance operations are reported net of related credit for amortisation of deferred acquisition costs, of £565 million as shown in note C5(b) (2015: £93 million) and comprise amounts in respect of the following items:

Notes

(a) Net equity hedge result

The purpose of the inclusion of this item in short-term fluctuations in investment returns is to segregate the amount included in pre-tax profit that relates to the accounting effect of market movements on both the measured value of guarantees in Jackson's variable annuity and fixed index annuity products and on the related derivatives used to manage the exposures inherent in these guarantees. As the Group applies US GAAP for the measured value of the product guarantees this item also includes asymmetric impacts where the measurement bases of the liabilities and associated derivatives used to manage the Jackson annuity business differ as described below.

The result comprises the net effect of:

1 The accounting value movements on the variable and fixed index annuity guarantee liabilities. This includes:

- The Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit (GMDB), and the 'for life' portion of Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit (GMWB) guarantees which are measured under the US GAAP basis applied for IFRS in a way that is substantially insensitive to the effect of current period equity market and interest rate changes; and

- The 'not for life' portion of GMWB embedded derivative liabilities which are required to be measured under IAS 39 using a basis under which the projected future growth rate of the account balance is based on current swap rates (rather than expected rates of return) with only a portion of the expected future guarantee fees included. Reserve value movements on these liabilities are sensitive to changes to levels of equity markets, implied volatility and interest rates.

2 Adjustments in respect of fee assessments and claim payments;

3 Fair value movements on free-standing equity derivatives held to manage equity exposures of the variable annuity guarantees and fixed index annuity embedded options.

4 Related changes to DAC amortisation in accordance with the policy that DAC is amortised in line with emergence of margins.

The net equity hedge result therefore includes significant accounting mismatches and other factors that detract from the presentation of an economic result. These other factors include: 

- The variable annuity guarantees and fixed index annuity embedded options being only partially fair valued under 'grandfathered' US GAAP;

- The interest rate exposure being managed through the other than equity-related derivative programme explained in note (b) below; and

- Jackson's management of its economic exposures for a number of other factors that are treated differently in the accounting frameworks such as future fees and assumed volatility levels.

(b) Other than equity-related derivatives

The fluctuations for this item comprise the net effect of:

- Fair value movements on free-standing, other than equity-related derivatives;

- Accounting effects of the Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit (GMIB) reinsurance; and

- Related amortisation of DAC.

The free-standing, other than equity-related derivatives, are held to manage interest rate exposures and durations within the general account and the variable annuity guarantees and fixed index annuity embedded options described in note (a) above.

The direct GMIB liability is valued using the US GAAP measurement basis applied for IFRS reporting in a way that substantially does not recognise the effects of market movements. Reinsurance arrangements are in place so as to essentially fully insulate Jackson from the GMIB exposure. Notwithstanding that the liability is essentially fully reinsured, as the reinsurance asset is net settled, it is deemed a derivative under IAS 39 which requires fair valuation.

The fluctuations for this item therefore include significant accounting mismatches caused by:

- The fair value movements booked in the income statement on the derivative programme being in respect of the management of interest rate exposures of the variable and fixed index annuity business, as well as the fixed annuity business guarantees and durations within the general account;

- Fair value movements on Jackson's debt securities of the general account which are recorded in other comprehensive income rather than the income statement; and

- The mixed measurement model that applies for the GMIB and its reinsurance.

(c) Short-term fluctuations related to debt securities

Note

The debt securities of Jackson are held in the general account of the business. Realised gains and losses are recorded in the income statement with normalised returns included in operating profit with variations from year to year included in the short-term fluctuations category. The risk margin reserve charge for longer-term credit-related losses included in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of Jackson for 2016 is based on an average annual risk margin reserve of 21 basis points (2015: 23 basis points) on average book values of US$56.4 billion (2015: US$54.6 billion) as shown below:

Consistent with the basis of measurement of insurance assets and liabilities for Jackson's IFRS results, the charges and credits to operating profits based on longer-term investment returns are partially offset by related amortisation of deferred acquisition costs.

In addition to the accounting for realised gains and losses described above for Jackson general account debt securities, included within the statement of other comprehensive income is a pre-tax credit for unrealised losses on debt securities classified as available-for-sale net of related change in amortisation of deferred acquisition costs of £48 million (2015: charge for net unrealised losses £(968) million). Temporary market value movements do not reflect defaults or impairments. Additional details of the movement in the value of the Jackson portfolio are included in note C3.2(b).

(iii) UK insurance operations

The positive short-term fluctuations in investment returns for UK insurance operations of £198 million (2015: negative £(120) million) mainly reflects gains on bonds backing the capital of the shareholder-backed annuity business following the fall in 15-year gilt yields over 2016.

(iv) Other

The negative short-term fluctuations in investment returns for other operations of £(196) million (2015: negative £(74) million) include unrealised value movements on financial instruments driven by the fall in interest rates.

(v) Default losses

The Group incurred default losses of £(4) million on its shareholder-backed debt securities for 2016 wholly in respect of Jackson's portfolio (2015: £nil).

B1.3 Determining operating segments and performance measure of operating segments

Operating segments

The Group's operating segments, determined in accordance with IFRS 8 'Operating Segments', are as follows:

The Group's operating segments are also its reportable segments for the purposes of internal management reporting.

Performance measure

The performance measure of operating segments utilised by the Company is IFRS operating profit attributable to shareholders based on longer-term investment returns, as described below. This measurement basis distinguishes operating profit based on long-term investment returns from other constituents of the total profit as follows:

- Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business. This includes the impact of short-term market effects on the carrying value of Jackson's guarantee liabilities and related derivatives as explained below.

- Amortisation of acquisition accounting adjustments arising on the purchase of business. This comprises principally the charge for the adjustments arising on the purchase of REALIC in 2012;

- Loss attaching to the held for sale Korea life business. See note D1 for further details;

- The recycling of the cumulative exchange translation loss on the sold Japan life business from other comprehensive income to the income statement in 2015.

Segment results that are reported to the Group Executive Committee include items directly attributable to a segment as well as those that can be allocated on a reasonable basis. Unallocated items are mainly in relation to the Group Head Office and the Asia Regional Head Office.

Determination of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for investment and liability movements:

(a) General principles

(i) UK style with-profits business

The operating profit based on longer-term returns reflects the statutory transfer gross of attributable tax. Value movements in the underlying assets of the with-profits funds do not affect directly the determination of operating profit.

(ii) Unit-linked business

The policyholder unit liabilities are directly reflective of the underlying asset value movements. Accordingly, the operating results based on longer-term investment returns reflect the current period value movements in both the unit liabilities and the backing assets.

(iii) US variable annuity and fixed index annuity business

This business has guarantee liabilities which are measured on a combination of fair value and other US GAAP derived principles. These liabilities are subject to an extensive derivative programme to manage equity and, with those of the general account, interest rate exposures. The principles for determination of the operating profit and short-term fluctuations are necessarily bespoke, as discussed in section (c) below.

(iv) Business where policyholder liabilities are sensitive to market conditions

Under IFRS, the degree to which the carrying values of liabilities to policyholders are sensitive to current market conditions varies between territories depending upon the nature of the 'grandfathered' measurement basis. In general, in those instances where the liabilities are particularly sensitive to routine changes in market conditions, the accounting basis is such that the impact of market movements on the assets and liabilities is broadly equivalent in the income statement, and operating profit based on longer-term investments returns is not distorted. In these circumstances, there is no need for the movement in the liability to be bifurcated between the elements that relate to longer-term market conditions and short-term effects.

However, some types of business movements in liabilities do require bifurcation to ensure that at the net level (ie after allocated investment return and charge for policyholder benefits) the operating result reflects longer-term market returns.

Examples of where such bifurcation is necessary are in Hong Kong and for UK shareholder-backed annuity business, as explained in sections b(i) and d(i), respectively.

(v) Other shareholder-financed business

The measurement of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns reflects the particular features of long-term insurance business where assets and liabilities are held for the long-term and for which the accounting basis for insurance liabilities under current IFRS is not generally conducive to demonstrating trends in underlying performance of life businesses exclusive of the effects of short-term fluctuations in market conditions. In determining the profit on this basis, the following key elements are applied to the results of the Group's shareholder-financed operations.

Except in the case of assets backing liabilities which are directly matched (such as unit-linked business) or closely correlated with value movements (as discussed below) operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for shareholder-financed business is determined on the basis of expected longer-term investment returns.

Debt, equity-type securities and loans

Longer-term investment returns comprise actual income receivable for the period (interest/dividend income) and for both debt and equity-type securities longer-term capital returns.

In principle, for debt securities and loans, the longer-term capital returns comprise two elements:

- Risk margin reserve based charge for the expected level of defaults for the period, which is determined by reference to the credit quality of the portfolio. The difference between impairment losses in the reporting period and the risk margin reserve charge to the operating result is reflected in short-term fluctuations in investment returns; and

- The amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses to operating results based on longer-term investment returns to the date when sold bonds would have otherwise matured.

At 31 December 2016, the level of unamortised interest-related realised gains and losses related to previously sold bonds for the Group was a net gain of £969 million (2015: £567 million).

Equity-type securities

For equity-type securities, the longer-term rates of return are estimates of the long-term trend investment returns for income and capital having regard to past performance, current trends and future expectations. Equity-type securities held for shareholder-financed operations other than the UK annuity business, unit-linked and US variable annuity are of significance for the US and Asia insurance operations. Different rates apply to different categories of equity-type securities.

Derivative value movements

Generally, derivative value movements are excluded from operating results based on longer-term investment returns (unless those derivative value movements broadly offset changes in the accounting value of other assets and liabilities included in operating profit). The principal example of non-equity based derivatives (for example, interest rate swaps and swaptions) whose value movements are excluded from operating profit arises in Jackson, as discussed below in section (c).

(b) Asia insurance operations

(i) Business where policyholder liabilities are sensitive to market conditions

For certain Asia non-participating business, for example in Hong Kong, the economic features are more akin to asset management products with policyholder liabilities reflecting asset shares over the contract term. For these products, the charge for policyholder benefits in the operating results should reflect the asset share feature rather than volatile movements that would otherwise be reflected if the local regulatory basis (also applied for IFRS basis) was used.

For certain other types of non-participating business, longer-term interest rates are used to determine the movement in policyholder liabilities for determining operating results.

(ii) Other Asia shareholder-financed business

Debt securities

For this business, the realised gains and losses are principally interest related. Accordingly, all realised gains and losses to date for these operations are being amortised over the period to the date those securities would otherwise have matured, with no explicit risk margin reserve charge.

Equity-type securities

For Asia insurance operations, investments in equity securities held for non-linked shareholder-backed operations amounted to £1,405 million as at 31 December 2016 (2015: £840 million). The rates of return applied in 2016 ranged from 3.2 per cent to 13.9 per cent (2015: 3.5 per cent to 13.0 per cent) with the rates applied varying by territory. These rates are broadly stable from period to period but may be different between countries reflecting, for example, differing expectations of inflation in each territory. The assumptions are for the returns expected to apply in equilibrium conditions. The assumed rates of return do not reflect any cyclical variability in economic performance and are not set by reference to prevailing asset valuations.

The longer-term investment returns for the Asia insurance joint ventures accounted for using the equity method are determined on a similar basis as the other Asia insurance operations described above.

(c) US Insurance operations

(i) Separate account business

For such business the policyholder unit liabilities are directly reflective of the asset value movements. Accordingly, the operating results based on longer-term investment returns reflect the current period value movements in unit liabilities and the backing assets.

(ii) US variable and fixed index annuity business

The following value movements for Jackson's variable and fixed index annuity business are excluded from operating profit based on longer-term investment returns. See note B1.2 note (ii):

- Fair value movements for equity-based derivatives;

- Fair value movements for embedded derivatives for the 'not for life' portion of GMWB and fixed index annuity business, and GMIB reinsurance (see below);

- Movements in the accounts carrying value of GMDB and the 'for life' portion of GMWB and GMIB liabilities, for which, under the 'grandfathered' US GAAP applied under IFRS for Jackson's insurance assets and liabilities, the measurement basis gives rise to a muted impact of current period market movements;

- A portion of the fee assessments as well as claim payments, in respect of guarantee liabilities; and

- Related amortisation of deferred acquisition costs for each of the above items.

Embedded derivatives for variable annuity guarantee minimum income benefit

The GMIB liability, which is essentially fully reinsured, subject to a deductible and annual claim limits, is accounted for in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Subtopic 944-80 Financial Services - Insurance - Separate Accounts (formerly SOP 03-1) under IFRS using 'grandfathered' US GAAP. As the corresponding reinsurance asset is net settled, it is considered to be a derivative under IAS 39, 'Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement', and the asset is therefore recognised at fair value. As the GMIB is economically reinsured, the mark-to-market element of the reinsurance asset is included as a component of short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

(iii) Other derivative value movements

The principal example of non-equity based derivatives (for example, interest rate swaps and swaptions) whose value movements are excluded from operating profit, arises in Jackson. Non-equity based derivatives are primarily held by Jackson as part of a broadly-based hedging programme for features of Jackson's bond portfolio (for which value movements are booked in the statement of comprehensive income rather than the income statement), product liabilities (for which US GAAP accounting as 'grandfathered' under IFRS 4 does not fully reflect the economic features being hedged), and the interest rate exposure attaching to equity-based embedded derivatives.

(iv) Other US shareholder-financed business

Debt securities

Jackson is the shareholder-backed operation for which the distinction between impairment losses and interest-related realised gains and losses is in practice relevant to a significant extent. Jackson has used the ratings by Nationally Recognised Statistical Ratings Organisations (NRSRO) or ratings resulting from the regulatory ratings detail issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) developed by external third parties such as BlackRock Solutions to determine the average annual risk margin reserve to apply to debt securities held to back general account business. Debt securities held to back separate account and reinsurance funds withheld are not subject to risk margin reserve charge. Further details of the risk margin reserve charge, as well as the amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses, for Jackson are shown in note B1.2.

Equity-type securities

As at 31 December 2016, the equity-type securities for US insurance non-separate account operations amounted to £1,323 million (2015: £1,004 million). For these operations, the longer-term rates of return for income and capital applied in the years indicated, which reflect the combination of the average risk-free rates over the year and appropriate risk premiums are as follows:

(d) UK Insurance operations

(i) Shareholder-backed annuity business

For this business, policyholder liabilities are determined by reference to current interest rates. The value movements of the assets covering liabilities are closely correlated with the related change in liabilities. Accordingly, asset value movements are recorded within the 'operating results based on longer-term investment returns'. Policyholder liabilities include a margin for credit risk. Variations between actual and best estimate expected impairments are recorded as a component of short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

The operating result based on longer-term investment returns reflects the impact of value movements on policyholder liabilities for annuity business within the non-profit sub-fund of The Prudential Assurance Company (PAC) after adjustments to allocate the following elements of the movement to the category of 'short-term fluctuations in investment returns':

- The impact on credit risk provisioning of actual upgrades and downgrades during the period;

- Credit experience compared with assumptions; and

- Short-term value movements on assets backing the capital of the business.

Credit experience reflects the impact of defaults and other similar experience, such as asset exchanges arising from debt restructuring by issuers that include effectively an element of permanent impairment of the security held. Positive or negative experience compared with assumptions is included within short-term fluctuations in investment returns without further adjustment. The effects of other changes to credit risk provisioning are included in the operating result, as is the net effect of changes to the valuation rate of interest due to portfolio rebalancing to align more closely with management benchmark.

(ii) Non-linked shareholder-financed business

For debt securities backing non-linked shareholder-financed business of the UK insurance operations (other than the annuity business) the realised gains and losses are principally interest related. Accordingly, all realised gains and losses to date for these operations are being amortised over the period to the date those securities would otherwise have matured, with no explicit risk margin reserve charge.

(e) Fund management and other non-insurance businesses

For these businesses, the particular features applicable for life assurance noted above do not apply. For these businesses, it is inappropriate to include returns in the operating result on the basis described above. Instead, it is appropriate to generally include realised gains and losses in the operating result with temporary unrealised gains and losses being included in short-term fluctuations. In some instances, it may also be appropriate to amortise realised gains and losses on derivatives and other financial instruments to operating results over a time period that reflects the underlying economic substance of the arrangements.

B2 Profit before tax - asset management operations

The profit included in the income statement in respect of asset management operations for the year is as follows:

Notes

(i) The segment revenue of the Group's asset management operations includes:

NPH broker-dealer fees which represent commissions received that are then paid on to the writing brokers on sales of investment products. To reflect their commercial nature the amounts are also wholly reflected as charges within the income statement. After allowing for these charges, there is no effect on profit from this item. The presentation in the table above shows separately the amounts attributable to this item so that the underlying revenue and charges can be seen.

(ii) M&G operating profit based on longer-term investment returns: 

The revenue for M&G of £956 million (2015: £961 million), comprising the amounts for asset management fee income, other income and performance-related fees shown above, is different to the amount of £1,188 million shown in the main table of this note. This is because the £956 million (2015: £961 million) is after deducting commissions which would have been included as charges in the main table. The difference in the presentation of commission is aligned with how management reviews the business.

B3 Acquisition costs and other expenditure